The Colonies Of The Late 1600s And The Early 1700s Were Formed Becau E

The provinces of the late 1600's and the mid 1700's were shaped on the grounds that in England numerous individuals were being aggrieved on account of their strict convictions. So to escape from the abuse, the individuals of England needed to go to a spot where everything appeared to be great( since that is the thing that the publicizing for America was stating). Where they wouldn't be compelled to do or not do(religious festivities) they would not like to. So they came to America and settled in the states. The Native Americans who had just been there were interested and terrified of these new individuals coming in there land. So from the start they didn't have the foggiest idea what to do. The Indians being the incredible individuals they were gotten the pioneer out in the new land. They indicated them simpler and increasingly productive methods of completing things. Also the pilgrim had contracted slaves so they scarcely needed to work, it was for the most part the Indians. this go t the unpracticed homesteaders out, making their acclimation to the new world more straightforward. Fundamentally the homesteader had it made. They posed inquiries and the Indians addressed them. So the better things got the more individuals came over. So the Indians being the gigantic assistance, were welcoming them over. So they were said thanks to by being ousted out. So the states started to develop and more provinces began to frame. Which means progressively a more space was starting to vanish in the mass boat heaps of individuals coming over. An ever increasing number of individuals, less and less land and the unique landowners( the Native Americans), were losing their property quick. So in the end they were pushed out into the west up to this point, there are just a couple of clans left. Being the Situation, the social explanation is they are missing out of, or lost, the Native Americans societies and customs, and that would be a significant misfortune. America today was known as a blend since we convey such a large number of societies and customs and combine them , Would it be more right than wrong to push one out which is the thing that we nearly did to the Indians. The local American culture is significant or ought to be to America and it's future. The Economical explanation is pilgrim couldn't exchange with them or offer to them. The political explanation is they( the homesteader) wouldn't have the option to see their perspectives or understanding to help improve America. A circumstance like this yet not in definite structure is the manner in which African Americans were treated in the mid 1800's. This time the pioneer took individuals from their property( the Africans) rather than taking the land from the people(the Natives). Homesteader in America needed the slaves working for them or gone. Much the same as the Indians, on the off chance that they weren't with them ( working for them) they were against them or battling them. Which the two gatherings did however in various manners. The Indians in some cases purchased the fight on themselves or requested one, the African Americans attempted at all expense to stay away from it. African Americans simply attempted opposition, which didn't work constantly. n these circumstances both the gatherings were constrained from their unique natural surroundings into new places which more likely than not been a battle for each gathering to adjust to, One which despite everything is going on in America today, considering Native Americans make up 3 percent of the US populace and African Americans making up 9 percent. These kinds of outcast can't be rehashed for the undeniable reasons.

National Merit Finalist - How to Win the Scholarship

National Merit Finalist - How to Win the Scholarship SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Numerous understudies take the PSAT in the fall of their lesser year. What a great deal of understudies may not see is the complete name of the test is PSAT/NMSQT, or Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. In this manner, the PSAT isn't simply acceptable practice for your SATs. It’s likewise the initial phase in turning into a National Merit Finalist and ideally, procuring a $2,500 grant from the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC). In this article, we’ll talk about what steps you have to take to turn into a National Merit Finalist and seek a grant. We'll additionally offer you guidance on the most proficient method to compose a solid application and augment your odds of turning into a National Merit Scholar. Here’s how the numbers separate: Every year, about 1.6 million understudies take the PSAT. Of the youngsters who take the test, around 16,000 win scores that qualify them as Semifinalists (that is around 1%). This gathering is limited to 15,000, who become Finalists. Of this gathering, around 7,500 are granted grants of $2,500 every year (that can be restored every year you're in school). This article will clarify the three key advances you have to follow to win the National Merit grant, from meeting the passage necessities, to scoring admirably on the PSAT, to presenting a champion application. Stage 1: Meet the Entry Requirements The National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) expects you to have a couple of capabilities to try and be considered for the grant: You should be enlisted as a secondary school understudy, advancing ordinarily toward graduation. You should plan to select full time in school beginning the fall following secondary school graduation. You should be a U.S. resident or U.S. legitimate changeless occupant intending to turn into a U.S. resident. These prerequisites will be checked with a couple of inquiries toward the start of the PSAT. Stage 2: Score in the Top 1% of the PSAT Turning into a National Merit Finalist is serious and requires a top score on the PSAT. Despite the fact that it shifts from state to state, most understudies must score over 1400 (out of 1520) to qualify as a Semifinalist, which implies they can contend to proceed onward to Finalist standing. How might you accomplish a top 1% score on the PSAT? Get ready with top notch materials. Distinguish your frail focuses and work to improve them. In the event that the Reading segment confounds you, invest most of your energy rehearsing those areas. In the event that math isn’t your thing, invest in drillingPSAT Math problems.The National Merit rivalry usesa Selection Index that depends on yourReading, Math, and Writing test scores, so acing each of the three segments is critical. Assume responsibility for your learning and study with training questions and test tests. This training will likewise take care of later when you take the SATs in the spring of your lesser year and fall of senior year. Reward: Aiming for a National Merit Scholarship? In case you don't know you can self-study your way to a passing PSAT score, you'll love our PSAT prep program, PrepScholar. We planned our program to get familiar with your qualities and shortcomings through cutting edge insights and redo your prep to be as powerful as feasible for you. At the point when you start with PrepScholar, you’ll take an analytic that will decide your shortcomings in more than forty PSAT aptitudes. PrepScholar then makes an examination program explicitly redid for you. To improve every expertise, you’ll take centered exercises committed to every ability, with more than 20 practice questions for each aptitude. This will prepare you for your particular territory shortcomings, so your time is constantly burned through most viably to raise your score. We likewise drive you to concentrate on understanding your errors and gaining from them. On the off chance that you commit a similar error again and again, we'll get down on you about it. There’s no other prep framework out there that does it along these lines, which is the reason we improve score results than some other program available. Look at it today with a 5-day free preliminary: For more information on preparing for the PSAT, look at ourdetailed manual for accomplishing National Merit Semifinalist status. Stage 3: Submit an Excellent Application Complete the NMSC application prerequisites by fall of your senior year (typically early October). This application permits 15,000 of the 16,000 Semifinalists to proceed onward to Finalist standing. On the off chance that you don't turn into a Finalist or don't qualify, you may in any case get word that you're a Commended Student or stay as a Semifinalist, which are extraordinary qualifications that will stand apart on school applications. In any case, just Finalists are qualified for National Merit Scholarship grants. The online NMSC application is equivalent to your school application here and there and diverse in different manners. Likenesses You should present the accompanying: Your scholastic record (transcript) SAT scores* Data about your exercises and positions of authority An individual paper *You need to take the SATs on affirmed dates, for the most part in the fall of your senior year, and try to send along your score report to NMSC. They have to get your scores by December 31st of your senior year. While there is no exacting cutoff for SAT scores, they should be serious like your PSAT scores (as a rule around 1400 or above) so they realize your PSAT wasn't an accident. Contrasts You should present the accompanying: A suggestion from your secondary school head or somebody the chief assigns as a school official Data about your school’s educational plans and evaluating framework How about we delve into every segment to augment your opportunity of building a solid application to win the National Merit Scholar title. Scholastic Record and SAT Scores The National Merit Corporation is as a matter of first importance hoping to grant scholastic accomplishment. There is no exacting cutoff, however a serious GPA (3.5 or more) and high SAT scores (roughly 1400 or more) are suggested. Your scholastic record ought to likewise show that you tested yourself with distinction and AP classes. At the point when you're a secondary school junior, there isn't a lot of you can do about this, other than keep on exceeding expectations in your classes. Need to get familiar with the SAT yet burnt out on perusing blog articles? At that point you'll adore our free SAT prep livestreams. Structured and driven by PrepScholar SAT specialists, these live video occasions are an incredible asset for understudies and guardians hoping to become familiar with the SAT and SAT prep. Snap on the catch underneath to enlist for one of our livestreams today! Extracurricular Activities and Community Service The NMC is additionally taking a gander at the abilities and achievements appeared in your application. Shown initiative goes a long wayfor model, driving in Student Council or other understudy associations. Your exercises ought to uncover your interests and interestsit is normally better to show â€Å"depth over breadth.† at the end of the day, get profoundly engaged with a couple of exercises you’re enthusiastic about as opposed to demonstrating minor cooperation in each club, group, and association your school brings to the table. Practically all exercises are significant on the off chance that they show your dedication, administration potential, and capacity to work with and help other people. Suggestions Suggestions go far. Develop great associations with your instructors, guide, and head and give a â€Å"brag sheet† to them with the characteristics and achievements you might want them to remember for your suggestion. Your boast sheet may incorporate the accompanying: What six descriptive words best portray you? What do you consider your most noteworthy accomplishment(s)? What are your most grounded objectives for the following five years? What is a significant encounter you have had during secondary school? These tales will make composing significantly simpler, and they'll thank you for this. Try to request your proposal in any event three weeks ahead of time of the cutoff time, and catch up with your essayist to ensure it'll be submitted on schedule. The prior you inform them, the more ahead you'll be of your cohorts, the greater part of whom will require school application letters. Individual Essay The individual article adds your voice to your application materials. Your exposition is where you can share your one of a kind story and point of view and make your application materials wake up. Here is a case of a past National Merit exposition question: To enable the analysts to become more acquainted with you, depict an encounter you have had, an individual who has impacted you, or a hindrance you have survived. Clarify why this is significant to you. Utilize your own words and breaking point your reaction to the space gave. The space takes into account around 500 - 600 words. You should concentrate on two significant parts of the exposition. To begin with, the NMC needs to see that you can communicate obviously and effectively through composition. Try to edit, alter, and change for any spelling blunders, linguistic mix-ups, or shortcomings in language structure and word usage. Second, your article uncovers how you consider yourself, your achievements, and your objectives. What do your encounters intend to you? What do they uncover about your character? Invest some energy conceptualizing before you choose what parts of your character are generally critical to impart to the NMC perusers. For instance, did a gathering science reasonable task show you the intensity of coordinated effort in making new revelations? Did a Student Council banter uncover the multifaceted nature of points of view on a solitary issue? Did Lisa Simpson show you the significance of adhering to your standards, regardless of whether your family may not generally concur? The themes are unending, and there is no most fitting answer, yet whatever you pick ought to uncover something huge about what your identity is. When you have your first draft, ask a companion, relative, advocate, or English instructor for criticism on what worked and what didn’t. It’s a short paper, so ensure each sentence is there for

New Track in Energy and Environment Concentration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Track in Energy and Environment Concentration COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The following was a message passed on to the SIPA community by Dean John Coatsworth. ___________________________ I am pleased to announce that in response to growing student interest, SIPAs Energy and Environment Concentration has launched a new, third track in Sustainable Energy Policy.   This new track will be directed by Adjunct Professor Ellen Morris, who has taught highly popular and successful energy courses at SIPA for several years, and who also has assumed the role of Director of the existing track in International Energy Management and Policy (IEMP) in the Energy and Environment Concentration. SIPA is highly fortunate and I am personally grateful that Professor Morris has agreed to undertake this critical leadership role in our teaching and curriculum development of energy policy and finance.   I am confident she will provide students of the energy tracks with the perfect blend of academic insight and practical experience in the public, private and non-profit sectors. The new Sustainable Energy Policy track focuses on the national and international policies and practices aimed at ensuring a sustainable energy future, with a particular focus on policies and practices that support small-scale energy production and enterprise development.   The IEMP track, which launched in Fall 2009, will continue to focus on energy development and production, particularly large-scale infrastructure projects that involve extensive interaction between the private and public sectors for energy management and policy.   SIPAs Energy and Environment Concentration, which is directed by Professor Steven Cohen, also includes the Environment track, which focuses on the policy and management knowledge required to address the worlds most pressing environmental sustainability issues. Professor Morris co-teaches with Philip LaRocco the much in-demand, two-semester sequence, Energy Business and Economic Development and Capstone Workshop in Energy and Development.   She is the founder and president of Sustainable Energy Solutions, a consultancy providing research and policy analysis on the role of energy in international development, and a co-founder and Board Member of Arc Finance, a non-profit organization that facilitates financing for modern energy, water and other basic needs for people in developing countries.   Professor Morris previously served as a senior consultant for sustainable energy programs at the United Nations Development Program and as an analyst on international programs for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.   Ellen holds a Ph.D. in marine geophysics from the University of Rhode Island and a Bachelors degree in geophysical engineering from the Colorado School of Mines. Both energy tracks will continue to collaborate with the Center for Energy, Marine Transportation and Public Policy, which conducts policy analysis and applied research on energy issues and is directed by Albert Bressand, Professor of Professional Practice.

What Is Neurolinguistics

The interdisciplinary study of language processing in the brain, with an emphasis on the processing of spoken language when certain areas of the brain are damaged. It is also called neurological linguistics. The journal Brain and Language offers this description of neurolinguistics: human language or communication (speech, hearing, reading, writing, or nonverbal modalities) related to any aspect of the brain or brain function -Elisabeth Ahlsà ©n in Introduction to Neurolinguistics. In a pioneering article published in Studies in Linguistics in 1961, Edith Trager characterized neurolinguistics as a field of interdisciplinary study which does not have a formal existence. Its subject matter is the relationship between the human nervous system and language (The Field of Neurolinguistics). Since then the field has evolved rapidly. Example The primary goal of the field of neurolinguistics is to understand and explicate the neurological bases of language and speech, and to characterize the mechanisms and processes involve in language use. The study of neuorolinguistics is broad-based; it includes language and speech impairments in the adult aphasias and in children, as well as reading disabilities and the lateralization of function as it relates to language and speech processing.(Shari R. Baum and Sheila E. Blumstein, Aphasia: Psycholinguistic Approaches. International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2nd ed., edited by William Frawley. Oxford University Press, 2003) The Interdisciplinary Nature of Neurolinguistics Which disciplines have to be taken into account in neurolinguistics? Brain and Language states that its interdisciplinary focus includes the fields of linguistics, neuroanatomy, neurology, neurophysiology, philosophy, psychology, psychiatry, speech pathology, and computer science. These disciplines may be the ones most involved in neurolinguistics but several other disciplines are also highly relevant, having contributed to theories, methods, and findings in neurolinguistics. They include neurobiology, anthropology, chemistry, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. Thus, the humanities, and medical, natural, and social sciences, as well as technology are all represented.(Elisabeth Ahlsà ©n, Introduction to Neurolinguistics. John Benjamins, 2006) Co-evolution of Language and the Brain It is uncontroversial, in scientific circles at least, that the human brain has undergone very rapid growth in recent evolution. The brain has doubled in size in less than one million years. The cause of this runaway growth (Wills, 1993) is a matter of conjecture and endless debate. A strong case can be made that the expansion of the brain was a consequence of the development of spoken language and the survival advantage that possessing a language confers. The areas of the brain that underwent greatest development appear to be specifically associated with language: the frontal lobes and the junction of the parietal, occipital and temporal lobes (the POT junction . . .). (John C. L. Ingram, Neurolinguistics: An Introduction to Spoken Language Processing and Its Disorders. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Neurolinguistics and Research in Speech Production The nature of neurolinguistic programs has attracted a great deal of research in recent years, especially in relation to speech production. It is evident, for example, that the brain does not issue motor commands one segment at a time. . . . When we consider the whole range of factors that affect the timing of speech events (such as breathing rate, the movement and coordination of the articulators, the onset of vocal-fold vibration, the location of stress, and the placement and duration of pauses), it is evident that a highly sophisticated control system must be employed, otherwise speech would degenerate into an erratic, disorganized set of noises. It is now recognized that many areas of the brain are involved: in particular, the cerebellum and thalamus are known to assist the cortex in exercising this control. But it is not yet possible to construct a detailed model of neurolinguistic operation that takes all speech-production variables into account. (David Crystal, The Cambridge E ncyclopedia of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Native Americans And Western Medicine - 1413 Words

Understanding Native Americans and Western Medicine Essential Knowledge for Providing Culturally Competent Care to Native Americans Brittany Schelitzche Writing for Healthcare Hennepin Technical College Native Americans and Western Medicine: Essential Knowledge for Providing Culturally Competent Care to Native Americans Many Alaskan Natives and Native Indians, also known as American Indians, share the same or similar views on health and medicine. Their definition of â€Å"traditional medicine† incorporates medicine and religion, various chants and rituals, and being one with Earth (Broome, B., Broome, R., 2007). â€Å"In the United States we are challenged to think about health care from our tradition as a cultural melting pot. Therefore, we must address the large range of individual health care needs from populations living the inner-city and suburbia to those in rural environments.† (O Brien, Anslow, Begay, Pereira, Sullivan, 2002). It is important for healthcare workers to understand the views of American Indians in order to integrate their traditional medicine as well as western medicine. Examining areas such as common health conditions, treatments, and attitudes towards health, natural and alternative health will lead to a better capability of providing culturally competent car e. Introduction and Background Native Americans, such as Navajo and Cherokee, have been in the United States for the past 12,000 years (Horowitz, 2012). Although those are the two mostShow MoreRelatedNative American Healing Traditions Could Supplement Modern Western Medicine2054 Words   |  9 PagesMany traditional Native medicines and healing practices were discouraged with the advent of Western medicine, but now there is a movement to return to traditional ways (Zubek, 1994, p. 1924). Modern Western medicine treats the symptoms to cure a diseased state when the body is out of homeostasis. Native American healing traditions do this as well with herbs and plants suited to the purpose. These Native healing traditions also include sacred rituals, chants, and purification rites to help bringRead MoreHealthcare Considerations For The Native American Culture1563 Words   |  7 PagesHEALTHCARE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE 1 Healthcare Considerations for the Native American Culture Christina Seif Mid-State Technical College HEALTHCARE CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE 2 Abstract The Native American culture is the original culture of the United States. Members of Native American tribes live throughout the country. â€Å"There are an estimated 4.9 million persons, in 565 federally recognized tribesRead MoreEssay on A Message of Hope in Love Medicine1005 Words   |  5 PagesA Message of Hope in Love Medicine   Love Medicine, by Louis Eldridge attempts to confront the popular stereotypes of American Indians. 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Various examples of this can be seen throughout history - assimilation of conquered lands into the Roman Empire, of native South Americans and Africans into Christianity and European culture during colonization, and the assimilation of Native Americans into the culture of the United States. Assimilation can also create things, such as the religion of Vodun. However, this does not negate the fact that assimilation and its effects -Read MoreEuropean Colonization Of Europeans And Native Americans1503 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween Europeans and Native Americans led to a demographic calamity. The earliest explorations from European countries introduced a plethora of diseases; these diseases hindered the Native’s population and way of life. Not only early explorations of European countries impacted the indigenous people, but the settlement and encounters with Europeans in the twentieth century did as well. Before Europeans voyaged to the New World, the lands were occupied by Native Americans for thousands of yearsRead MoreHealth Care : The Hospital And / Or Healthcare Facilities917 Words   |  4 Pagesfor cultural, religious, spiritual and personal values. Healthcare professionals are entrusted to care for patients as whole persons- body, mind, and spirit. (Handzo 2009) People of different cultures avoid going to American healthcare facilities, with fear of Western medicine techniques. When they avoid or refuse care of the physicians, the medical condition/ illness remains uncared for and leads to health disparities of that community. In order to prevent refusal of care, hospitals and healthcareRead MoreEssay Culture Health Beliefs1609 Words   |  7 Pagesare many cultures out in the world today that practice beliefs different than those in the United States. America is based off Western Culture and traditional medicine practices which focus on preventative and curative medicine. Most cultures around the world practice folk medicine, which focus more on the person as a whole with remedies and ceremonies rather than medicine and treatment. Even though each one believes in a different practice, all medical professionals should have the knowledge andRead More Love Medicine Essay544 Words   |  3 PagesLove Medicine Since the beginning of colonization of America, there has been the problem of dealing with the indigenous people of the land. After the first attempts in eradicating the population, the American government changed its policy to integration. It is this integration into white society and the severance from the Indian culture that causes disenfranchisement in the modern Indian reservation. In Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine, the contradictory efforts to isolate the Native Americans

Skinhead and It Fashion Codes Free Essays

Skinhead subculture is originated among working class youths in United Kingdom in the 1960s. The first skinheads were greatly influenced by Jamaican rude boys and British mods. Originally, the skinhead subculture was primarily based on elements of fashion, music and lifestyle, not politics or race. We will write a custom essay sample on Skinhead and It Fashion Codes or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, with the revival of skinhead in 1970s, the emergence of white power skinheads made them largely related to race and politics. Today, I will explain the skinhead identity by showing two clips from Romper Stomper and my partner Silvia will introduce different factions and politics of skinheads as well as their condition nowadays. Clip ] This clip presents the conversation between Hando and the woman in his room, illustrating his main purpose of becoming skinhead. Hando’s life as a skinhead is largely related to Nazi. As showed in the film, his room is decorated with a great number of Nazi objects including the Nazi helmet, posters, flag, book and tattoos on his body. The neo-Nazi culture commodities are used as subcultural capital, which is expected to raise their status and help differentiate themselves from others. However, audience of mainstream will interpret these subculture capitals as strange, deviant things and hence regard skinheads as a subculture which cannot be accepted by the mainstream culture. Although not clearly indicted in the film, the activities of these skinheads seem to be depicted as deviance that violates social norms. The first clip we intensively represents the deviant image of skinheads through scenes such as using violence to the Asians, and close-up of their unusual living place. Deviant acts can be a way to predicate identity, thus against norms of the dominant culture and in favor of a subculture. Fashion The identity of skinheads can be also maintained through fashion and music. Fashion is an essential element to distinguish skinheads’ identity not only from that of mainstreams, but also from different factions. Through fashion, skinhead groups form unique resources for individuals to project an image and hence achieve their identities. Skinheads are visually identified by their short hair and unique clothing styles. Although various factions of skinheads may have tiny differences in dressing, they all conform to a general dressing style which includes braces, fitted jeans, ‘sta press trousers’, button-down shirts, polos, boots, and flight jackets. Moreover, skinheads favor of several brands such as Ben Sherman’s button-down shirts, Fred Perry’s polos and Doctor Marten’s boots. The choice of particular fashion items is orchestrated by skinheads to reflect their collective identity. Furthermore, skinheads also use fashion to distinguish between factions. For example, several skinheads use different color laces in their boots to show their political identity, or stance on race. White laces refer to white power skinheads, red laces stand for communism and a combination of yellow, black, and blue laces refer to anti-racist SHARPs. In addition, tattoos are used to identify different affiliations. Number 69 can be found in those who pay homage to the peak of 1969 of skinhead subculture, while nazi symbols can be found on those racist skinheads. MUSIC Music is another critical aspect for skinhead identity. Traditional skinheads were heavily impacted by Jamaican ska and reggae music. In 1960s, skinhead music was labeled as ‘skinhead reggae’ by record companies. Some bands such as Charmers, Desmond Riley were singing about skinheads. Thus, this early music reflects the clean cut fashion which is indicative of skinhead style. In 1970s, the emergence of Punk music not only drew skinheads’ attention, but also the mainstreams. Since many skinheads label themselves as the periphery of mainstream culture, a new form of punk called Oi emerged to uniquely express skinheads’ frustration and ideology. Similar to fashion, difference could be found in various factions’ Oi music. For example, racist skinheads’ music can be easily distinguished because the themes of their songs are racism, largely differ from others. That’s the end of my part; let’s welcome Silvia to introduce the factions and politics of skinheads and their condition nowadays. http://v. youku. com/v_show/id_XMzIyNTQ0ODI4. html How to cite Skinhead and It Fashion Codes, Papers

Title; A Day Without Electricity Essay Example For Students

Title; A Day Without Electricity Essay If their were no electricity their would be o way to create batteries or any machinier to use everything would be man made. When waking up in the morning their would be no alarm or heat or even ari conditioning to keep you cool or warm during the night. Getting to school would be another thing cars would not be drivable due to gas being pupmed by electricity.So you would probably have to ride a home made bike or use a horse but then your school would not have a way to run its self either.So their would not be a way to send a massage or recieve one. NO automatic pencil sharpener either nothing. The school would have to have many windows just to keep the room lit or, a latern. Their would be no intercoms no internet youe would have to use a printing press to copy anything. All meat would spoil due to lack of cooling same tih milk meat would have to be eatin right away or turned into beef jerky. We will write a custom essay on Title; A Day Without Electricity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now No entertainment possible just play football or other out door sports witch to me i would be to tired after getting to school.No movies video games,T.V nothing. And that would be a day in the life with out electricity. the end.

6 Part Time Job Interview Strategies You Must Know

6 Part Time Job Interview Strategies You Must Know Not every job is going to be a lifelong career. If you’re applying for something seasonal, or you are seeking a part-time or freelance gig, the game is slightly different from the standard job interview. These strategies can help you sort out those differences and nail the interview. 1. Change up your mental timelineWith temporary (or contract) jobs, you don’t necessarily need to present yourself as the best long-term option for the company. So you’ll need to adjust your thinking. Instead of emphasizing your willingness to commit for a long time, make sure it’s clear that you’re in it to win it for the short term, or however long the employer is seeking.2. Understand what the employer is seekingIf the job description is at all vague, or you’re having trouble telling whether this is really a short-term position or a temp-to-hire thing, clarify the parameters with the interviewer. It’s better to be extra clear on expectations than to go down one interview path assuming one outcome when the company is hiring for another.3. Hit your skills hardIf you’re interviewing for a short-term position, it’s likely that the company is looking for someone with very specific skills rather than an overall package. Make sure your relevant hard skills are very clear on your resume, and that you play them up during the interview.4. Be flexibleMany contract or temporary roles require flexibility, so be sure to emphasize your ability to meet challenges with creative solutions on tough deadlines. Also, make sure to discuss with the interviewer whether there are specific scheduling issues that might fall outside of the normal 9-to-5 area, so that you’re prepared to schedule accordingly and let the interviewer know that you’re equipped to handle a nonstandard job.5. Be ready to move fastIt’s likely that a temporary or freelance position is opening up to meet a specific and immediate need. This is unlike full-time hiring, when the company often has the luxury of weeks to accept, review, and interview candidates. You should be ready to negotiate, evaluate, and accept or reject the job on a quick turnaround, if you receive an offer.6. Treat every job like a long-term opportunityYou may be interviewing for a position with a clear end date, but you never know what doors it might open (whether at the same company or in the same field). So while you’re emphasizing the short term, don’t dismiss the job as â€Å"one and done.† The interviewer will likely be able to tell if you’re not taking this seriously, and that could definitely affect your chances of getting the job. If nothing else, this will be a resume-booster and a chance to develop more skills and experience- so don’t underestimate it!If you’re looking for a short-term job to bolster your skills or just pay the bills while you pursue your passion career, you should do everything you can to make it happen. Whether it’s for six weeks, six months, or six decades, you want your qualifications to be front and center. One thing never changes, no matter what job you’re interviewing for: you’re there to make sure they know you’re the absolute best person to get this done.

8 opciones visa trabajo o green card para profesionales

8 opciones visa trabajo o green card para profesionales Una pregunta comà ºn que se hacen los profesionales extranjeros es cà ³mo emigrar legalmente a los Estados Unidos. La respuesta es que depende de varios factores, como las caracterà ­sticas del profesionales y de quà © papeles puede obtener. En la mayorà ­a de los casos es necesario el patrocinio por parte de una empresa estadounidense. Adems, es la empresa quien decide si patrocina una tarjeta de residencia, tambià ©n conocida como green card, o si por el contrario solicita los papeles de una visa de trabajo temporal. En este artà ­culo se explican 4 caminos hacia la green card por razà ³n de trabajo y 4 otros para una visa de trabajo. Adems, se finaliza con recomendaciones que deben tenerse en cuenta si se desea iniciar una nueva vida en los Estados Unidos. 8 caminos para emigrar legalmente a los Estados Unidos   1. La categorà ­a EB-1, que permite obtener la tarjeta de residencia. Est pensada para 3 subcategorà ­as. En primer lugar, los profesionales con habilidades extraordinarias en las Ciencias, las Artes, la Educacià ³n, los Negocios o Deportes. En segundo lugar, profesores universitarios o investigadores excepcionales y, en tercer lugar, para algunos tipos de gerentes y managers de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as extranjeras que estn trabajando en los Estados Unidos. En el caso de profesionales con habilidades extraordinarias no necesitan patrocinio de ninguna empresa. Son difà ­ciles de obtener los papeles por esta circunstancia y las peticiones se niegan en ms de 1 de cada 3 casos. Por el contrario, en las otras 2 subcategorà ­as debern tener, en la mayorà ­a de los casos, un patrocinador. En la subcategorà ­a de profesores e investigadores ms del 90 por ciento de las peticiones son aprobadas. 2. La categorà ­a EB-2. Est pensada, por un lado, para personas con una habilidad excepcional en las Ciencias, las Artes o los Negocios o, por otro, para extranjeros con un tà ­tulo de maestrà ­a o superior o su equivalente, es decir, licenciatura ms 5 aà ±os de experiencia. Cada aà ±o se pueden aprobar un mximo de 144,951 visas de inmigrante en esta categorà ­a. 3. La categorà ­a EB-3 que contempla 3 posibilidades, que siempre exigen patrocinio por parte de una empresa de Estados Unidos. En primer lugar, trabajadores con habilidades, es decir, con al menos 2 aà ±os de experiencia laboral. En segundo lugar, profesionales con al menos licenciatura y, en tercer lugar, otros trabajadores que deben tener al menos entrenamiento o experiencia en el trabajo por 2 aà ±os. Bajo la EB-3 pueden emigrar los trabajadores que no tienen cabida en las categorà ­as EB-1 y EB-2.   Cada aà ±o fiscal se pueden aprobar un mximo de 144,951 visas para esta categorà ­a, no permitià ©ndose que ms de 10,000 se adjudiquen a la subcategorà ­a de otros trabajadores. 4. La categorà ­a EB-4 para obtener la green card. Aplica a  un conglomerado de situaciones distintas que van desde trabajadores religiosos a mà ©dicos, funcionarios de organizaciones internacionales, trabajadores del Canal de Panam o de la OTAN o traductores afganos o iraquà ­es que han ayudado a las tropas de Estados Unidos. 5. La visa de trabajo temporal H-1B. Es de doble intencià ³n, esto es, permite buscar activamente el cambio a una tarjeta de residencia. Est pensada para profesionales y es muy utilizada por empleados de empresas tecnolà ³gicas, pero no est restringida a ellos. Estas son las 100 empresas que ms visas H-1B patrocinaron en el à ºltimo aà ±o fiscal. 6. La visa de trabajo temporal L-1 y L-2 para gerentes y ejecutivos de multinacionales que son transferidos a los Estados Unidos. Al igual que sucede con la visa H-1B, este visado es de doble intencià ³n. 7. Visa O para extranjeros con habilidades extraordinarias. 8. Visa TN para profesionales mexicanos y canadienses en virtud de la aplicacià ³n del Tratado de Libre Comercio o NAFTA, por su siglas en inglà ©s. Cmo se cambia una visa de trabajo temporal por una tarjeta de residencia? La respuesta es siguiendo uno de los caminos previstos por la ley para obtener la green card. En la prctica en la mayorà ­a de los casos tiene lugar mediante el patrocinio por parte de una empresa o bien por peticià ³n de un familiar. Por ejemplo, el cà ³nyuge si es que el trabajador extranjero se casa con un ciudadano estadounidense o con un residente permanente legal. Otras opciones posibles para sacar la green card o visas que permiten trabajar Cuando las posibilidades anteriores no estn al alcance de la mano, el sistema migratorio de los Estados Unidos contempla ms categorà ­as de visas de trabajo, pero las arriba mencionadas son las pensadas para profesionales.   Adems, hay visas que no son de trabajo pero que permiten trabajar, como por ejemplo, las de intercambio o las de inversià ³n. Incluso en algunas circunstancias, la visa de estudiante. En todo caso est terminantemente prohibido trabajar con visa de turista o cuando se entra sin visado por pertenecer a un paà ­s en el Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas. Es una violacià ³n migratoria que puede dar lugar a una deportacià ³n o a la cancelacià ³n de la visa. Es tambià ©n muy importante destacar que cada visa tiene sus propias peculiaridades, desde requisitos, a tiempo de tramitacià ³n o costos y que no conviene confundirlas. Por otro lado, hay ms de 2 docenas de caminos que permiten obtener la green card, aunque lo cierto es que la mayorà ­a de las tarjetas de residencia que se aprueban cada aà ±o tienen su origen en una peticià ³n por parte de un familiar. Pero es interesante familiarizarse con todas las posibilidades, que incluso contemplan un sorteo gratuito de 50,000 green cards, conocido como visa de la diversidad, a la que pueden aplicar cada mes de octubre los ciudadanos de Espaà ±a y tambià ©n de muchos paà ­ses latinoamericanos, aunque no todos. A tener en cuenta antes de hacer las maletas yemigrar Estados Unidos es un paà ­s enorme y extraordinariamente diverso. La experiencia de vivir en Alaska o en Florida son, obviamente muy distintas. Antes de asentarse o al considerar una oferta de trabajo es muy recomendable informarse sobre aspectos como cunto se paga de impuestos en el estado que se est considerando, cules son las coberturas mà ©dicas que brinda la empresa para la que se va a trabajar o cun cara es la ciudad a la que se piensa emigrar. Tambià ©n es importante tener una idea muy clara de cà ³mo obtener los papeles porque una vez que se est como indocumentado en los Estados Unidos puede ser muy difà ­cil regularizar la situacià ³n, lo que da lugar a una vida llena de miedos. Finalmente, si las cosas no se dan para Estados Unidos, considerar otros paà ­ses que tienen la migracià ³n abierta, en particular en el caso de profesionales es buena idea informarse sobre Canad, ya que tiene un sistema federal y de provincias interesante. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Integrating Interactive Multimedia and Web Applications in Teaching Essay

Integrating Interactive Multimedia and Web Applications in Teaching - Essay Example The significance of investigating this integration remains, however, considering that listening now is the cornerstone of language acquisition (Krashen et al., 1994) and a fundamental activity in L2 acquisition process (Dunkel, 1991a; Krashen, 1982; Rost, 1993). Likewise, studies indicate that the social dynamics of listening have gained more significance in the study and use of LC for L2 (Lynch, 1988; Rost, 1990; Rubin, 1994). Increasingly, more emphasis is now being given to the processes of interaction and meaning-negotiation while focus shifts away from listening as a mental process internal to the listener (Doughty, 1991; Dunkel, 1991b; Pica, Young, & Doughty, 1987; Robinson, 1991). Researchers are also refining their understanding of the key differences and similarities between reading and listening (Canale, 1984; Hoven, 1991; Lund, 1991; Swaffar & Bacon, 1993). For all the above reasons and more, a model designed to facilitate such integration process is being proposed. In a nutshell, the model suggests an integration process based upon theoretical, pedagogical, and technical grounds accompanied by a user-centered approach for software design. It is argued that this model might lead to a successful integration of interactive Web applications for teaching listening comprehension. The model components will be discussed respectively. Toward a Constructivist Approach Two contradictory views of the most common theoretical frameworks of contemporary CALL exist. Felix (2002) claims that a quick look at the literature in language learning and technology will reveal that there is a move away from the static transmission models of knowledge and skill acquisition, which are instructivist vs. constructivist, tending towards more contextualized, authentic, and meaningful tasks in language learning. These three characteristics are underscored in three recent approaches in language learning and technology: the collaborative learning approach, the problem solving approach, and the constructivist approach. This study will adopt the definition of constructivism which believes that human knowledge is constructed and learners construct their own experience and understanding through assimilating current experience with previous internalized knowledge. Moreover, learning is seen as a collaborative, autonomous, socially negotiated process, which takes place when su pported by a rich environment (Ruschoff & Ritter, 2001). Pachler (2002), however, claims that traditional behaviorist modes, which I believe depends partly on transmission models (i.e., repetition in listening/speaking), are still very common in the world of CALL. The breaking of learning tasks into small manageable steps to drill and

Mass Media Effects Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mass Media Effects - Assignment Example various advertisements like Coca-Cola which infiltrates the mind with regular visit to the site and makes the interfaceof the various websites attractive.Through this, mass media gets its way into the people of different walks of life. The advertisements featuring Coca-Cola involve participation of the young generation at their prime with a lot of energy.The other one involve all age groups and the obvious audience in this advertisement is the young population of the Coca-Coala global market who would like to associate themselves with such an imaginary life full of entertainment. The values associated with the advertisement is all about team spirit and cultural diversity and this is the common denominator between the two adverts. From the example of the role of media in spreading Nazi propaganda against the Jews, it can be seen that mass media is one of the most lethal tool for influencing behavior of the mass(Cogan, Brian, and Tony Kelso,168) .A typical recent experience of the effect of Media is the congoing Arab revolution that stated with media incitement of the citizens through social netwoirking sites like facebook and ther. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 in Africa is also a quick remind of the influence of mass media in confusing people. The same influence of media has been used over time by some media channels like Aljazeera to propagate anti US ideas.US on the other hand uses the same tool like the live broadcast of the attack on AlQaeda mastermind to show the world its efforts towards elimination of terrorism. Media manipulaytes the psychology of a mass and once the majority shows interest towards a given course of action then any other antagonist or different idea islikely to be overwhelmed in an individual hence being swept into the opinion of the mass. Tis is the concept applied in political propaganda and

On Human Cloning :: Genetics Science Feminist Papers

On Human Cloning How should we think about cloning as philosophers and feminists? Reproduction by cloning is not, in itself, morally inferior to human sexual reproduction. Moral criticism of cloning rests on condemnation of its "unnaturalness" or "impiety," but this kind of criticism should not persuade non-believers. I evaluate cloning in two phases. First, some hypothetical situations involving private choices about cloning are examined within a liberal framework. From this individualistic perspective, cloning appears no more morally problematic than sexual reproduction. A liberal feminist may welcome the possibility of human cloning as an expansion of the range of reproductive options open to women. The second phase argues for a shift in the framework of analysis in order to get a more complete evaluation of the ethical implications of human cloning, including questions of distributive justice and the ideology of reproduction. How should we think about cloning as philosophers and feminists? Reproducing by cloning is not, in itself, morally inferior to reproducing by human sexual reproduction. Moral criticism of cloning in itself rests on condemnation of cloning's "unnaturalness" or "impiety," but this kind of criticism should not persuade non-believers. In this paper, cloning is evaluated in two phases. First, some hypothetical situations involving private choices about cloning are examined within a liberal framework. From this individualistic perspective, cloning appears no more morally problematic than is sexual reproduction. A liberal feminist may welcome the possibility of human cloning, as expanding the range of reproductive options open to women. The second phase argues for a shift in framework of analysis to get a more complete evaluation of the ethical implications of human cloning, including questions of distributive justice and the ideology of reproduction. In this paper, "cloning" refers to a process begun when an enucleated oocyte receives a complete set of genetic material from one adult of the same species, and then develops. The resultant cloned embryo is genetically identical to the adult supplying the DNA. Thus, cloning differs from sexual reproduction, in which half the genetic material of the fertilized egg is supplied from the oocyte itself and half from the sperm. It is also different from "twinning," in which an egg, once fertilized sexually, splits into two genetically identical zygotes, each of which may develop into an embryo. In February 1997, Dr. Ian Wilmut announced the birth of Dolly, the cloned offspring of an ewe. If it is possible to clone sheep, why not then humans?

Study of Behavioural Finance: A Critical Evaluation

Behavioural Finance is a relatively new and popular subject in the area of finance which is being widely used in the stock markets world over. Behavioural finance is the study of the psychology of the investors in connection with their financial decisions. It is usual that the investors fall prey to the mistakes committed by their own decisions or due to the advise of others by using their emotions in the investment decisions.The study of behavioural finance tries to explain the action of the people in forgetting the fundamental principles of financial decision making and making investments on the basis of emotions. 2. 0 Fundamentals of Market Efficiency: An efficient stock market is one in which stock prices fully reflect available information. According to Andrei Shleifer (2000) there are three determinants of market efficiency. They are (1) Rationality, (2) independent deviations from rationality, (3) arbitrage. 2. 1 Rationality:Under the conditions of rationality, it is assumed t hat when new information is released in the market place, all investors will adjust their estimates of stock prices in a rational way, without heeding to their emotions. This is one of the foremost assumption and condition basic to classify the stock market as efficient. (Ross Wasterfield Jaffe) 2. 2 Independent Deviations from Rationality: Due to emotional resistance it may so happen that some investors could just as easily react to the new information in a pessimistic manner.If the investors are primarily of this type the stock market prices are likely to rise less than the expectations of an efficient market conditions. On the other hand if a proportion of the investors was irrationally optimistic and reacts positively to the new market information then there is the likelihood of an increase in the stock market prices. Since the stock market will consists of investors of both kinds always the stock market would remain efficient. Thus this condition also leads to an efficient stoc k market. (Ross Wasterfield Jaffe) 2. 3 Arbitrage:The stock market consists of both irrational amateurs and rational professional investors. Based on their irrational thinking some times the amateurs may carry the stocks either above or below their efficient prices. This irrational thinking comes as a result of their emotions about the valuation of the stocks. The professionals on the other hand do not react on the basis of their emotions but evaluate the market information coolly and clearly and make their investment decisions. This way the professionals have more confidence than that of the amateurs.This enables the professional to take larger risks on certain stocks even knowing that such stocks are mispriced, while the amateurs might take risk for a smaller sum. Here ‘Arbitrage’ comes into place. Arbitrage generates profit from the simultaneous purchase and sale of different but substitute securities. If the arbitrage of professionals dominates the speculation of am ateurs markets would still be efficient. This is one of the determinants of market efficiency. (Ross Wasterfield Jaffe) 3. 0 Behavioural Challenge to Market Efficiency:According to Prof. Shleifer any of the above three conditions would will lead to market efficiency. Normally it is assumed that at lease one of the conditions would be prevalent in the real world. But many academicians argue that none of these conditions would hold good in reality. This point of view is based on what is called the ‘behavioural finance’. According to this theory there are several factors that influence the investment decisions of the individuals like tax planning as well as profit maximization.By their trading the investors create commissions as well as taxation. This naturally brings irrationality into their investment decisions. However the behavioural theory states that ‘not all investors are irrational; rather it is that some perhaps many investors are’. On the question of deviations from rationality there are two principles of psychology namely ‘representativeness’ and ‘conservatism’ that can be applied to finance and market efficiency where people deviate from rationality.Under the condition of representativeness people act and draw conclusions from too little data. This principle when applied to stock market, in a market dominated by representativeness there is every chance that the market may move toward a bubble. It may so happen that people see a sector of the market, for instance internet stocks having a short history of high revenue growth may attract more investors in the hope that the revenue growth would continue for ever. When the growth inevitably stalls the stock prices have naturally to come down.Under the second principle of ‘conservatism’ people are considered too slow in adjusting their beliefs to new information. The stock prices seem to adjust slowly to the information contained in the earnin gs announcements due to slow reaction of the investors to adjust their belies to the new information under conditions of conservatism. (Bernard and Thomas, 1990) Under ‘arbitrage’ concept of efficient market it is suggested that the professional investors, even though they know certain securities are mispriced they could buy them by selling the correct priced or over priced substitutes.This might result in undoing of the mispricing caused by the emotional amateurs. But the behavioural finance theory claims that trading of this sort is likely to be more risk. There is a possibility of this correction only when the amateurs act in opposite way to the way in which the professionals act. Moreover the volume handled by the amateurs should be relatively small for the professional investors’ actions to take effect. There is also a possibility that the amateurs make further mispricing of the securities.This risk of further mispricing even when there is no new market info rmation might demand the professionals to cut back their arbitrage position. Thus the near term risk would reduce the size of arbitrage strategies. In conclusion the arguments presented here suggested the determinants or conditions leading to efficient markets in reality do not exist. The behavioural finance theorists suggest that the investors may be irrational, irrationality may be related across investors rather than cancelling out across investors and arbitrage strategies may involve too much risk to eliminate market efficiencies.` 4. 0 Behavioural Finance and Keynesian Approach: â€Å"A conventional valuation which is established as the outcome of the mass psychology of a large number of ignorant individuals is liable to change violently as a result of the sudden fluctuation of opinion due to factors which do not really make much difference to the prospective yield; Since there will be no strong roots of conviction to hold it steady. † (Keynes, 1936)Thus it may be noted that the relevance of the psychological factors to the operation of the stock market and the relative changes in the prices and their impact on the economic development is not entirely confined to the review by behavioural economic theories or financial theories. The origin of this phenomenon can be traced back to the works of Keynes with his remarks of ‘animal spirits’ and the part played by uncertainty and confidence in contributing to the growth of the economy and creation of employment opportunities.According to Keynes the psychology of the economic agents is susceptible to disturbances and manipulation. It is viewed that psychology is one of the key elements in shaping up the economy which is in quite contrast with the view of the main stream where the emphasis is always placed on the rational behaviour of various economic agents. Hence there may arise an argument that the approaches of behavioural finance in describing the impact of the psychological factors are m ostly the justification of the Keynesian ideas.Kindleberger (1978) has provided a description of the behavioural aspects of the financial markets closely resembling the ideas of Keynes. According to Livio Stracca (2004) â€Å"the behavioral finance literature, however, contains some important innovative elements compared with the Keynesian approach, namely the stronger focus on experimental – and in general empirical – evidence and the larger use of formal models, which may lead to sharper predictions.So, one might conclude that while behavioral finance is close in spirit to the Keynesian tradition, it makes use of a different methodology and analytical framework. † 5. 0 Objectives of Behavioural Finance: Though subjected to severe criticism the contribution by behavioural finance to modern finance is considerable. The main objective of behavioural finance is to understand and report on the implications of the investors’ psychological reactions on the sys tematic market behaviour.It is important to consider the impact of such psychological reactions on the markets from an economic perspective especially on those markets which are large and does not have nay strategic interactions. (Mas-Colell, 1999) The existing theories of behavioural finance are not matured enough to provide a coherent and unified explanation for human behaviour in the context of market transactions as is expected in the main stream economics and modern finance have provided through the expected utility theories.However there are certain studies like the ‘cumulative prospect theory’ contributed by Starmer and Sugden (1989) and Tversky and Kahneman (1992) provide better alternative theories on the behaviour of market agents acting under risk which may be considered as superior to the expected utility theory. The economic perspective of the behaviour of the agents on the basis of maximization of the expected utility is not accepted by the behavioural fin ance.The ground on which such rejection is attempted relates to the evidences available to point out that market agents do not behave according to the axioms of expected utility both under circumstances of controlled experiments as well as in real life situations. (Starmer, 2000) According to Livio Stracca (2004) the focus of the behavioural finance is to describe the human behaviour in a positive way under conditions of risk and uncertainty instead of a normative approach of such behaviour which is typical under the mainstream approach. 6.0 Conflict between Modern Finance and Behavioural Finance: The concept of behavioural finance has always been subject to criticism. Ball (1996) and Fama (1998) have contributed much in this direction. Apart from this there had been continued conflicts between the Modern Finance (also described as ‘Financial Economics’) and the behavioural finance theories. The modern finance has always tried to overrule the behavioural finance theory by adding its own methods and models on the latter without any major changes in its own methodology.In other word the modern finance has marginalized the behavioural finance by converting it to an ‘anomalies literature’ as conceived by Frankfurter and McGoun, (2000) The results and findings of various studies in the area of Efficient Market Hypothesis and Capital Asset Pricing Model combination have cast serious doubts on the ability of these concepts in establishing any acceptable finance theories on the stock market behaviour in the modern finance area. This has also resulted in a â€Å"potentially precipitating crisis† for the modern finance theory.However instead of understanding and appreciating the seriousness of these problems, the theorists named them ‘anomalies’ and accepted them to denote an acceptable group of aberrations against common beliefs rather than viewing them as serious challenges to the whole beliefs themselves. The theorists li ke Fama (1998) also suggested that such anomalies can be made to disappear by gathering more data with more diligence and putting the data so collected to rigourous statistical tests. However there were conflicting views to this approach and this formed the basis for the behavioural finance theory. 7.0 Role of Anomalies in Behavioural Finance: The word ‘anomaly’ has gained a substantial recognition and prominence in the literature relating to finance as a branch of economics. The word also denotes a complete set of studies that have brought out evidences which are in contrast to the theory of efficient market hypothesis and/or the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) The conceptual purpose of anomalies has two dimensions in the study by These dimensions relate to the identification of the significance of the term in the area of finance and the role of anomalies in the growth of scientific knowledge in the financial world.The word ‘anomaly’ has been defined di fferently by different scholars. But the word ‘anomaly’ in financial economics focuses on the irregularity, or a deviation from the common or natural order, specifying an exceptional condition. In order to provide a meaning to these terms Thomas Kuhn (1970) states â€Å"Discovery commences with the awareness of anomaly, i. e. , with the recognition that nature has somehow violated the paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science. It then continues with a more or less extended exploration of the area of anomaly.And it closes only when the paradigm theory has been adjusted so that the anomalous has become the expected. †(Kuhn, 1970) An extensive study of the anomalies would result in a scientific approach to the whole issue of the behavioural finance aspects. 7. 1 Post –Earnings Announcement Drift and Behavioural Finance: Most of the studies show that the stock returns are highly predictable after the announcement of the earnings. It so happens t hat the stock prices react instantly to the announcements about the earnings and will continue to change during the first three quarters in the same direction.The prices will reverse the direction partially in the last quarter. Chan et al (1996) have illustrated that the changes after the post-earnings announcements do not have any relation to the price momentum. It has also been established that the post-earnings announcement changes is closely correlated to the behavioural model in the same way as the prices react very slowly to the market information . Bernard and Thomas (1990) present a model in which the investors do not have any knowledge about the potential for the future earnings. 8. 0 Financial Anomalies and Behavioural Finance:A financial anomaly can be explained as a documented pattern or price behaviour which is not consistent with the â€Å"prediction of traditional efficient markets, rational expectations asset pricing theory† (Alon Brav and J B Heaton, 2002) Th is theory comprises of two characteristic features. The first one is that the investors have a through knowledge of the basic structure of the economy and the second one is that the investors are expected to be â€Å"rational information processors† who are capable of arriving at statistical decisions that are optimal.According to the Freidman (1979) the investors in the benchmark theory are able to possess knowledge and are able to â€Å"access both to the correct specification of the ‘true’ economic model and to unbiased estimators of its coefficients†. However in view of the increased evidences against the traditional models, competing theories of financial anomalies have been evolved. On the evolution of these theories certain relaxations have been made to the two assumptions of ‘full knowledge of the economy’ and the ‘rational information processing capabilities’. The second assumption has the relaxation backed by the behavio ural explanation.The behavioural theory suggests that the investors due to the impact of the cognitive bias may not have the capacity to process the information rationally (Thaler, 1993). The results of the experiments conducted to study the behavioural finance theories provide the basis for many other behavioural theories that though the investors possess a sound knowledge of the basic structure of the economy the investors tend to act irrationally. Thus the irrationality found in the behavioural finance forms the basis for several theories that explain the financial anomalies.According to Shiller (1981) there are evidences to show that the stock prices vary to a large extent in close relation to news about future dividends etc. due to the financial anomalies emanating from irrationality. Here again it can be seen that the behavioural finance theory provides the basis for the financial anomalies. 8. 1 Behavioural Finance and Asset Pricing: While the behavioural finance is considere d to have identified the financial anomalies there are chances that these anomalies may affect the market prices of securities.On a survey these anomalies have been grouped under different categories by Livio Stracca (2003) in the paper ‘Behavioural finance and asset prices: Where do we stand? ’ and the study extends further to assess how these anomalies may affect the stock market prices. The anomalies can be explained as the qualities of the behaviour of the economic agents that do not come under the purview of the expected utility model of the main stream economics. There are quite a number of anomalies identified by the behavioural finance based on the experimental evidences. Some of the anomalies are discussed hereunder: Decision Heuristics:One of the major anomalies identified by the behavioural finance theory is the action of the representative agents in using available short cut methods and rules of thumb while considering various alternatives since he may not h ave the ability to solve the problems that are complex in nature in view of the costs involved in deliberating and optimizing the revenues. Emotions and Visceral Factors: These factors do have a role in the decision making process of the agents (Loewenstein, 2000) Choice Bracketing: This denotes the general tendency of the agents to narrow down the choices due to the complexities involved in the alternatives.One of the examples is the shorter time available for decision making. Stochastic and Context-dependent Preferences: The theory has identified the presence of stochastic and context dependent preferences in the place of ‘well defined and deterministic’ preferences which are a rarity. (Loomes & Sugden, 1995) Reference Dependent Models: In the review of anomalies by the behavioural finance there is no precise and abstract definition of the preferences of the consumers in terms of consumption or other variables as has been dealt with in the standard approach; rather th ere are reference points identified to denote the preferences.However, it must be noted that till date there is no precise behavioural finance model which has considered all the anomalies and made an analysis there of (Shleifer, 2000). 9. 0 Accounting Anomalies and Stock Market Efficiency: Some part of the trading in securities which are subjected to behavioural aspects of human beings relate to the trading on the basis of the balance sheet data and opinions expressed by the statutory auditors of the listed companies. Hirshleifer et al.(2004) and Taffler, Lu and Kausar (2004) have documented the impact of trading on the basis of accounting results and audit opinions and the abnormal returns resulting there from. However Sudipta Basu (2004) opines that the study has not taken into account the high transaction costs involved especially in selling transactions which would prove that the trading strategies on the basis of accounting results might become unprofitable. Sudipta Basu (2004) further argues that though the study of Hirshleifer et al.and Taffler et al cite the behavioural finance theories to explain the reasons for the abnormal returns, market inefficiencies may arise due to â€Å"poor market designs, poor benchmark models, regulatory interferences, test misspecification or other joint hypothesis violations† (Sudipta Basu, 2004) He is of the opinion that there are some other factors other than behavioural finance theory that will explain the abnormal returns and the reaction of the stock market while trading merely on the basis of the accounting data and the audit reports of the listed companies.10. 0 Behavioural Finance Theory – Impact of Gender Differences: The individual investor behaviour had been studied extensively by Odean (1998) and Barber and Odean (1999). The studies have provided normative and empirical results about the various investor behaviours. The studies have proved the basic facts that the investors trade in securities to a great extent and the trading largely reduce the net gains of investors. It has also been proved that the investors are reluctant to realize that they are making losses in such trading.The studies also show that there is more number of men dealing in securities than women. In the United States 80 percent of the investors are males while women constitute only 20 percent of the investing public. Barber and Odean (2001) show â€Å"that men trade 45 percent more than women. Trading reduces men's net returns by 2. 65 percentage points a year as opposed to 1. 72 percentage points for women. † As a part of the behavioural finance L. Feng, M. S. Seasholes (2007) conducted a study on the participation of men and women in the securities trading in the Peoples Republic of China.The results of the study was in stark contrast to the existing studies in which it was found that both male and female investors take part almost equally in the stock trading in China. The study also reports th at men have slightly larger portfolios and take greater risks than women. But the investment behaviour of both men and women are more or less similar in the following respects: ? Both males and females suffer from an equal home bias. ? It is the tendency of the men to invest in stocks with higher betas and mostly the stocks women buy over-perform the stocks bought by men.Similarly the prices of stocks that are being sold by men go down to a larger extent than those being sold by women. In sum the performance of both genders remain more or less same on a statistical base. ? The trading intensity among both the genders remain the same though men tend to trade more before controlling the factors like the number of share and the ability to trade on the stocks over telephone. After giving effect to these factors the trading intensity of men and women remain the same.The study also revealed that the gender differences do play a role in the stock trading in China to the extent the faciliti es for remote trading through telephone and compute are available. This is understandable due to the fact most of the people trading in stocks are youngsters and the young women who have other occupations may not have the chance of trading by physically visiting the stock exchange. They need the support of the trading through telephone or computer and this affects their trading tendency.This interpretation of trading by young investors is corroborated by Barber and Odean (2002) by their study on the young men representing the active investors. This study goes to prove the application of the behavioural finance theory on the investment behaviour of the different genders and it is proved that both men and women behave in the same way as the behavioural finance theory assumes with irrationality and deviations from rationality depending on the circumstances. It can be observed that the gender makes no difference in the application of the behavioural finance theory with respect to the st ock market trading.11. 0 Behavioural Portfolio Theory: Hersh Shefrin and Meir Statman (2000) have developed a Behavioural Portfolio Theory (BPT) based on the lines of the work by Friedman and Savage (1948). The authors have developed the theory on the foundation of the prospect theory advocated by (Kahneman and Tversky (1979) which in turn was developed on the work of Friedman and Savage (1948). The BPT also suggests an efficient frontier which is not equivalent to the mean variance coefficient frontier.In mean-variance investors select the portfolios on the basis of the mean and variance where as the BPT investors take the anticipated wealth, their intention to ensure security and the potential aspiration levels that the investors want to reach as the base for their investment decisions. The optimal portfolio decided by the BPT investors is also different from that of the CAPM investors. The optimal portfolio of the investors under CAPM prefers a combination of a market portfolio a nd the risk factors associated with the securities. In the case of BPT the optimal portfolio mostly looks like a combination of bonds and lottery tickets.12. 0 Criticisms on Behavioural Finance Theory: The important people among the theorists who raised sever criticisms against behavioural finance are Ball (1996) and Fama (1998). Ball (1996) adopted a direct approach in leveling his arguments by saying that the Efficient Market Hypothesis has to be continued to be adopted because 1. There was no alterative theories available which can better explain the stock market behaviour 2. The Efficient Market Hypothesis was considered sufficient at that point of time taking into consideration the application of the principles of the theory and3. The Efficient Market Hypothesis had been accepted by everyone. Ball (1996) considered the contribution of DeBondt and Thaler (1985, 1987) to the behavioural finance as the only alternative to the Efficient Market Hypothesis and dismissed it by describ ing it as the investors’ myopia developed by DeBondt and Thaler (1985, 1987). He also found the work of these authors as ‘grossly inconsistent’ with the possible notions of the modern stock markets which are highly competitive and also that the behavioural finance is also ineffective with its anomalies.The approach of Fama (1998) in criticizing the behavioural finance is different from that of Ball (1996) in which he made a comparison of the contributions by 20 different authors and formulated his own views and opinions to discredit the concepts of behavioural finance. Fama (1998) made a thorough screening of the papers selected and followed a systematic approach to discredit the empirical evidences in support of the behavioural finance. Based on this analysis he argues that since the evidences on the behavioural finance are only random and conflicting the behavioural finance itself presupposes the efficient market hypothesis.Fama (1998) selected the papers for s tudy from the domain of ‘post-event studies’. By a study of these papers he arrived at the view that behavioural finance is nothing but a synonymous representation of the anomalies encountered in the event studies. Fama (1998) thus makes the point that â€Å"in short, BF is nothing more than an aggregation of so-far inexplicable phenomena encountered in testing the EMH/CAPM. It has no independent existence; it is not a methodology in its own right; it has been assimilated. † 13. 0 Conclusion:Form the foregoing discussion it is observed that the behavioural finance opposes the existence of the three determinants namely rationality, deviation from rationality and arbitrage decisions which form the basis of an efficient stock market. The behavioural finance theory thus aims at studying the psychological behaviour of the investors in their investment decisions. The theory encompasses views that are contradicting the concepts promoted by the efficient market hypothesi s and also the capital asset pricing model.The theory has made an analysis of various financial anomalies in order to report the impact of such anomalies on the stock market operations and the stock prices. The behavioural finance theory can be regarded as an extension of the Keynesian views on psychology as it affects the economic development. It has been observed that there are certain accounting anomalies which also affect the behavioural pattern of the investors. It has also been observed that gender differences do not affect the concepts of the behavioural finance. There are different financial anomalies identified by the behavioural finance theory.The theory was also subject to severe criticism on its applicability to varying market situations. References: Alon Brav and J. B. Heaton (2002) ‘Competing Theories of Financial Anomalies’ The Review of Financial Studies, Vol. 15, No. 2, Special Issue: Conference on Market Frictions and Behavioral Finance. (2002), pp. 57 5-606 Andrei Shleifier (2000) ‘Inefficient Markets: An Introduction to Behavioural Finance’ Oxford United Kingdom Ball, R. , 1996. The theory of stock market efficiency: accomplishments and limitations. Journal of Financial Education 22, 1–13. Bernard, V. , Thomas, J.(1990) ‘Evidence that stock prices do not fully reflect the implications of current earnings for future earnings’ Journal of Accounting and Economics 13, 305–340. Chan, L. , Jegadeesh, N. , Lakonishok, J. , 1996. Momentum strategies. Journal of Finance 51, 1681–1713. Fama, E. , (1998) ‘Market efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioral finance’ Journal of Financial Economics 49, 283–306 Frankfurter, G. M. , McGoun, E. G. , 2000. Market efficiency and behavioral finance: the nature of the debate, The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets 1, 200–210. Hirshleifer, D. , Hou, K. , Teoh, S. H. , Zhang, Y., (2004) ‘Do investors overvalue fi rms with bloated Balance sheets? ’ Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 38 p 1–3 Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest and money Available: http://cepa. newschool. edu/het/essays/keynes/gtcont. htm. Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Kindleberger, C. P. (1978). ‘Manias, panics, and crashes’ Wiley Livio Stracca (2004) ‘Behavioral finance and asset prices: Where do we stand? ’ Journal of Economic Psychology Vol. 25 p 373–405 Mas-Colell, A. (1999). The future of general equilibrium.Spanish Economic Review, 1, 207–214. Ross A. Stephen, Westerfield A. Tandolph Jaffe Jaffrey ‘Corporate Finance’ Edition VII Tata-McGrawhill Publishing Company Ltd Shiller, R. J. (1987). Comments on Miller and Kleidon In: R. M. Hogarth, & M. W. Reder Eds. ), Rational choice: the contrast between economics and psychology ( pp. 317–321). Chic ago: University of Chicago Press. The Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed). Oxford: Clarendon Press. Starmer, C. (2000). Developments in non-expected utility theory: The hunt for a descriptive theory of choice under risk. Journal of Economic Literature, 37, 332–382. Starmer, C., & Sugden, R. (1989) Violations of the independence axiom in common ratio problems: An experimental test of some competing hypotheses. Annals of Operational Research, 19, 79–102. Sudipta Bsau (2004) ‘What do we learn from two new accounting based stock market anomalies? ’ Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 38 p 331–348 Taffler, R. J. , Lu, J. , Kausar, A. , 2004. ‘In denial? Market under reaction to going-concern audit report disclosures’ Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 38 p 1–3 Tversky, A. , & Kahneman, D. (1992) Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Unc

Identity and Belonging Essay - 621 Words

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